Short & Comparative
Key Takeaways:
- Qur’an: one stylistic fingerprint, distinct from all known Arabic literature.
- Bible/Old Testament: stylometry confirms multiple authors/editors.
- Hadith: clearly separate stylistically from Qur’an.
- Pre-Islamic Arabic: different stylistic cluster, Qur’an does not match.
| Text | Stylometric Findings | Authorship Signal |
|---|---|---|
| Qur’an | Homogeneous style across 23 years; unique rhythm (saj‘); consistent word distributions; distinct from poetry/prose; clear separation of Meccan vs. Medinan surahs | Single voice (no multiple authorship detected) |
| Hadith (Prophet ﷺ sayings) | Conversational, narrative Arabic; more variability across narrators; different stylistic cluster than Qur’an | Multiple narrators / transmitters |
| Bible (New Testament) | Stylometry separates different Gospel authors (e.g., Matthew vs. John); Pauline letters distinct in vocabulary; editorial layers visible | Multiple authors / redaction layers |
| Old Testament (Torah/Pentateuch) | Clear multiple styles (e.g., J, E, P, D sources); vocabulary and divine names cluster separately; stylometry confirms Documentary Hypothesis | Composite authorship |
| Pre-Islamic Arabic Poetry/Prose | Stylometry clusters them separately from Qur’an; different meter, formulaic repetition; Qur’an resists classification into poetry or prose | Different genre entirely |